Showing posts with label world war i. Show all posts
Showing posts with label world war i. Show all posts

Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea Review

Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea
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Robert K. Massie has produced another masterpiece of narrative history, comprehensive without being dry and fascinating in every detail. In Castles of Steel he takes up the story he started with his 1991 bestseller Dreadnought: the struggle between Britain and Germany for sea mastery during the Great War.
The book begins with the final days of peace in July 1914, when Europe realized that the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand was about to trigger a major war. Massie describes the calculations of the British and German leadership as they moved toward conflict. One of Massie's greatest skills as a writer is his ability to create short but thorough biographical sketches, seen here most vividly in his treatments of Jellicoe and Beatty, the men who were to lead the British Grand Fleet. Massie also has an eye for odd humorous moments, as in his amusing description of the trick a German ship played on an unsuspecting French colony soon after war was declared.
After the war actually begins Massie focusses on the manuevers of the British and German fleets as they prepare for action. Another narrative track traces the steps of the politicians like Winston Churchill and Prince Louis of Battenberg who are setting war policy. Massie's main focus is on the British, and he thoroughly analyzes successes like the Battle of Dogger Bank and disasters like the Gallipoli landings. The climax of the book is the Battle of Jutland in 1916, which was the only major clash between the two navies. Massie also documents the submarine war and details how it eventually brought the United States into the conflict. The last few pages of the book describes the scuttling of the surrendered German fleet at Scapa Flow, symbolic of the enormous waste caused by the whole conflict.
Castles of Steel is a fitting companion to Dreadnought and will certainly be considered one of the most comprehensive, yet accessible, histories of the Great War.

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Power at Sea, Volume 2: The Breaking Storm, 1919-1945 Review

Power at Sea, Volume 2: The Breaking Storm, 1919-1945
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If you don't know the Battle of the Atlantic from the Battle of Leyte Gulf, you'll want to do a quick review of U.S. naval history during World War II before starting Dr. Rose's second volume in his Power at Sea trilogy. That said, I think that even the casual historian will find this book well worth their while. A revealing look into the rise of the aircraft carrier as the dominate weapon of sea power is only one of the several intriguing topics covered. I was particularly fascinated by the section that described how close the axis nations actually came to winning the war they had so recklessly begun. This book provides an excellent look into the era in which the United States surpassed Great Britain as the greatest sea power in the world.

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Power at Sea, Volume 1: The Age of Navalism, 1890-1918 Review

Power at Sea, Volume 1: The Age of Navalism, 1890-1918
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As someone who does research in the time period discussed in the book, I pick up anything that's new to see if there's any new research. Unfortunately, there's nothing new in this book, and in all honesty, I can not figure out how this book was published by a university press, considering the poor notation and poor logic behind some of Rose's arguements.
The book sets out to be a popular narrative of the naval affairs from 1890-1918, but is spotty in its coverage. For example, the Spanish-American War gets only a skimming over, as does other significant events in World War I, such as Dogger Bank, Coronel and the Falklands, Gallipoli, and the exploits of SMS Koenigsberg and SMS Emden in the Indian Ocean. Mahan gets a brief mention, but Sir Julian Corbett gets no such love. On the other hand, expect the requisite narrative regarding Jutland, as well as chapters on the Imperial Japanese Navy and the US Navy.
However, this is not the greatest flaw in this work. It ostensibly states how it will cover social aspects of navalism, but the deepest it gets is statements about how harshly officers treated enlisted sailors and the public's reaction to the Anglo-German naval race. Rose has trouble keeping his story straight. He pumps up the role of naval fleets running up to the war, and then laments their uselessness after the war breaks out because they spent the most of their time in port. Perhaps if he had read Corbett, he would have seen their uselessness in port with regards to blockading, but I digress. He also seems to have an affinity for what-if scenarios, as he goes on for at least five pages talking about various ways in which the Germans could have sunk the British reinforcements in August of 1914, and even seriously discusses Jacky Fisher's idea regarding landing troops in Pomerania and marching on Berlin, of course without looking at trivial things like the Swedish-Danish mining of the Kattegat or what the German fleet would do this whole time.
In addition, Rose lambastes the design principles of Dreadnoughts, and in the process states how German guns were better than British guns because they were lighter than their direct British counterparts, then in the next paragraph says how German guns were inferior to British guns because they couldn't make bigger guns than the British. He never gets around to sorting that out, much like he never gets around to explaining how many British Dreadnoughts were sunk by torpedoes after stating how vulnerable they were to them. He also talks about how British ships were so vulnerable to plunging fire because of a lack of deck armour, then fails to point out that British deck armour was equal to their counterparts in other navies.
Speaking of proof, if I hear another "Well, as another scholar has noted..." without a footnote, I may just scream. Rose has a nasty habit of backing up his statements with the credentials of another scholar, without actually citing them. Speaking of citing, the notes in this book is frankly high school level. Rose goes for long sections without footnotes making statements like the ones given above, then goes through a slew of notes over the next several paragraphs covering innocuous statements. As for the bibliography, it is a useful guide to secondary sources, but it is extremely unsettling to see a statement saying how it is highly selective and how they were the works that influenced his line of thinking in writing the book. An actual bibliography covering the works he used in the writing of the book as sources would have been much better.
Rose has two more books covering the rest of the century, but at present I am rather gun-shy about actually reading them if this book is any indication of the quality of the other two. In the end, if you want a good read about the time period, especially in terms of an Anglo-German view, I would definitely go for Robert Massie's classics Dreadnought and Castles of Steel. They read just as easy, have much better notation and research, and provide the in depth coverage of the important events that they deserve.

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Luxury Fleet: Imperial German Navy, 1888-1918 Review

Luxury Fleet: Imperial German Navy, 1888-1918
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In this book professor Herwig offers more than a military history of the German Imperial Navy during Kaiser Wilhelm II's reign. The political reasons for creating such a strong navy are covered, as well as the role it played during World War I. However, what attracted me the most is the social aspect of this work. Professor Herwig explains which kind of people became officers of the German Navy and why (a topic he dealed with in a previous book: The German Naval Officers Corps). I believe this is most important, because it shows the reader the human part of the Kaiser's navy. The technical aspects in the evolution of naval warfare from 1870 until 1914 are also deeply analyzed in this text. This is a must read for all persons who are interested on this period's history.

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Before the Ironclad: The Development of Ship Design, Propulsion, and Armament in the Royal Navy, 1815-60 Review

Before the Ironclad: The Development of Ship Design, Propulsion, and Armament in the Royal Navy, 1815-60
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David Brown provides the reader with a wealth of insight on the workings of wooden ships. He emphasizes wooden warships. An extensive bibliography is provided for further reading.
Brown focuses on the works of Sir Robert Seppings, an early 19th century shipwright who wrote about the deficiencies of wooden shipbuilding. This eventually led to the use of diagonal planking. In an appendix, Brown compares wooden and iron ships: "In a wooden ship, it was the distortion of the sides of the hull which was the major problem. Seppings' analogy of a five-bar gate without the diagonal bar is a good one. Resistance to this change of shape came from friction between the planks which, up to a point, could be increased by hard caulking. Seppings' diagonal trusses were a great improvement but the rows of gun ports still weakened the side structure." (p. 204). Owing to the working of planking, it was impossible to incorporate effective watertight bulkheads (p. 74).
The labor requirements (man-days) for wooden ship construction are provided (p. 170). Brown also gives us statistics on various wooden ships (length, beam, draught, depths, armament, armor, speed, length/beam ratio, mid-section coefficient, prismatic coefficient, etc.) He also includes a graph of bare-hull weight as a function of the ship's dimensions and type (pp. 194-195). The reader may be amazed about how much wood went into wooden ships!


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Army of Maria Theresa (Historic armies and navies) Review

Army of Maria Theresa (Historic armies and navies)
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The Army of Maria Theresa is a book that is well written and well worth reading. Anyone interested in European warfare in the 18th century will enjoy this work. Christopher Duffy clearly explains the evolution of the Army under Maria Theresa to including an expose on all of the ethnic components. He explains order of battle, uniforms, grooming standards, equipment and weapons and patterns of life of the Soldiers. He also does a fine job describing the commanders and campaigns they fought under Maria Theresa. In reading about the campaigns one discovers that in her many battles against Frederick the Great her armies gave as good as they got and sent Frederick scurrying off the battlefield on more than one occasion. A great book, glad I read it.

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Rebuilding the Royal Navy: Warship Design since 1945 Review

Rebuilding the Royal Navy: Warship Design since 1945
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The consummately experienced D. K. Brown herein offers an enrapturing look into the design and construction of postwar ships for the Royal Navy. It is not a history of the ships by any means; rather, it is a history of their design. Brown offers insight into designers' minds, discussing why decisions were made and weighing their merit. For example, many wonder why two classes of similarly-sized escorts (Types 42 & 22) were built simultaneously. Brown explains that because of the different roles the ships were designed for, and hence different equipment and other requirements, a common hull would probably have proven less efficient. He also describes in detail the evolution of strategic thinking and design philosophy that came about after the cancellation of the CVA-01 large carrier cancelled in 1966. Together with the politics and economics of modern warship building, Brown reviews some of the advances to the art of naval architecture made by Royal Navy constructors since the last world war, and looks ahead to some new developments on the horizon.

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BATTLE OF THE BALTIC ISLANDS 1917: Triumph of the Imperial German Navy Review

BATTLE OF THE BALTIC ISLANDS 1917: Triumph of the Imperial German Navy
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This relatively short book covers all it needs to concerning the German occupation of the Baltic Islands in 1917. The book covers the period from October 12, 1917 through October 30, 1917. It covers both the naval engagements and the following land combat in detail. German success opened the mouth of the Gulf of Finland to German surface ship incursions and made the possibility of an intervention in the Duchy of Finland an option. The Russian government soon began peace negations in earnest shortly after this German success. Unlike some books which I find fault with for a lack of good maps, this book has 15 maps which help the reader get a better idea of what was happening. Overall a thumbs up for any one interested in the First World War.

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In late 1917, the Russians, despite the revolution, were still willing to continue the war against Germany. This is an account of Operation Albion, the highly successful sea borne operation launched by the Germans to change their minds. The Baltic Islands were pivotal for the defense of the Finnish Gulf and St. Petersburg, so their capture was essential for any campaign towards the Russian capital. Only after the fall of the islands did Russia begin peace negotiations (freeing nearly half a million German soldiers for the Kaiser's last gamble on the Western Front). This then was a campaign of great significance for the war on both Eastern and Western fronts.

A large part of the High Sea Fleet took part in the invasion of the Baltic islands, including the most modern dreadnought battleships. The Russians mounted a resolute defense despite being heavily outgunned and over a ten day period there were many naval clashes around the islands as well as the campaign ashore, all of which are described in detail with the use of both Russian and German first hand accounts.

This book shatters the myth that the Imperial German Navy spent the last two years of the war cowering in port.



REVIEWS

"A very detailed operational account of the highly successful German amphibious landings in Octoberof 1917 on the Russian islands of Osel and Dago, off what is now Lithuania.... Important reading for anyone interested in amphibious and joint operations." The NYMAS Review, Winter 2009

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