Showing posts with label japan. Show all posts
Showing posts with label japan. Show all posts

At War With The Wind Review

At War With The Wind
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This is a quite remarkable assemblage of anecdotes detailing the carnage wrought by Japanese aerial and naval suicide campaigns conducted against Allied forces in the Pacific during World War II. The bulk of the book consists of explicit, blow-by-blow descriptions of a number of these horrifyingly deadly attacks. Sears obviously went to great lengths to obtain official action summaries, diaries, letters, first-hand accounts by survivors, interviews with unsuccessful attackers, and many other sources providing vivid portrayals of the incidents.
Despite the value of Sears' depictions as a record of the atrocities resulting from the kamikaze phenomenon, this book's readability and overall value are diminished by several significant defects. The text contains multitudes of punctuation goofs, mistaken or misleading word choices, and other basic typographical errors that any competent copy editor should catch on the first reading. Sears, obviously an experienced Navy man, throws many acronyms and other jargon into his narratives, often neglecting to define them at first use. A glossary explains many of these terms, but the requirement to consult it so frequently detracts from the flow of reading.
A more serious weakness is the inconsistency of both fact and commentary in Sears' attempts to frame his battle reports with summaries of the major events in the tide of war in the Pacific. The frustrating thing is that he does a marvelous job of introducing many of the pivotal battles and decisions in a way that even the least knowledgeable of readers can understand. But, probably in an effort to remain concise, in some places he omits or skews facts to the extent that those same neophyte readers may come away with misconceptions that might never be corrected. For instance, the Battle of Midway is dismissed in a paragraph without any indication of the crucial role of this engagement in shaping the rest of the Pacific air war. Sears' description of the SBD Dauntless dive bomber not only misspells its designation as SPD, but confuses it with its predecessor, the SB2U-3 Vindicator, mistakenly bestowing the latter's unfortunate nickname of "wind indicator" on the far more airworthy Dauntless. The universally respected Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher receives short shrift throughout the book, coming across to any uninitiated reader as a hesitant, obstructionist figure mainly responsible for losing carriers Lexington (CV-2) and Yorktown (CV-5) and serving more as an obstacle than a competent leader at Guadalcanal. (Sears probably picked up his negative view of Fletcher from Samuel Eliot Morison, who had been offended by the publicity-shy admiral's refusal to cooperate with his naval history research.)
One of the more ironic gaps is Sears' failure to provide any detail in mentioning the gallant sacrifice of the American ships of Taffy 3 during the Battle Off Samar in October 1944. As described by James Hornfischer in his excellent book The Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors: The Extraordinary World War II Story of the U.S. Navy's Finest Hour, destroyer Johnston and destroyer escort Samuel B. Roberts charged the battleships and heavy cruisers of Admiral Korita's armada at point-blank range with such ferocity that the Japanese fled in disarray, thereby sparing the Leyte landings from probable disruption. In the face of certain destruction, USS Johnston executed not one but two attack runs, the second after the ship had already been riddled with shells and many of the crew were dead. This heroism presents such an obvious parallel to the deliberately suicidal behavior of the kamikazes that its omission is incomprehensible in a book of this level of detail, particularly since Sears himself is a former destroyer officer. On the other side of the conflict, Japan's long-standing traditions of death with honor and respect for suicide receive little attention, and there's no mention of the naval officer generally credited with drawing up the first plan for a Special Attack Corps, Lt. Comm. Jo Eiichiro, whose samurai heritage undoubtedly spawned the concept.
I think the most damaging lapse is the book's denouement without a thorough treatment of the potential for catastrophe inherent in a land invasion of the Japanese home islands. After sprinkling numerous implied comparisons of damage caused by kamikazes in outlying areas with a presumably vastly greater toll to be inflicted during the final battle, Sears ends his account with only a cursory mention of the atomic bombs and a few anecdotes illustrating the joys (and problems) meeting homecoming sailors and airmen after the war. In light of Sears' diligence in research and access to original databases and first-hand sources, it seems likely that he should be able to contribute significantly to the ongoing discussion of hypothetical losses due to suicide attacks that purport to justify the use of the atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Appendices listing ships and crew victimized by kamikazes are limited to those personally researched by Sears. Hundreds more were targeted by suicide planes, and their story remains to be documented by a more complete, if perhaps less graphic, chronicle. Although this is an outstanding record of the ghastly effects of many individual suicide attacks, it cannot stand alone as a history and analysis of suicide missions in general, their significance in the overall war picture, or their lasting effects on victims from both sides.


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A Main Selection of the Military Book Club and a Featured Alternate of the History Book ClubIn the last days of World War II, a new and baffling weapon terrorized the United States Navy in the Pacific. To the sailors who learned to fear them, the body-crashing warriors of Japan were known as suiciders; among the Japanese, they were named for a divine wind that once saved the home islands from invasion: kamikaze. Told from the perspective of the men who endured this horrifying tactic, At War with the Wind is the first book to recount in nail-biting detail what it was like to experience an attack by Japanese kamikazes. David Sears, acclaimed author of The Last Epic Naval Battle, draws on personal interviews and unprecedented research to create a narrative of war that is stunning in its vivid re-creations. Born of desperation in the face of overwhelming material superiority, suicide attacks by aircraft, submarines, small boats, and even manned rocket-boosted gliders were capable of inflicting catastrophic damage, testing the resolve of officers and sailors as never before. Sears s gripping account focuses on the vessels whose crews experienced the full range of the kamikaze nightmare. From carrier USS St. Lo, the first U.S. Navy vessel sunk by an orchestrated kamikaze attack, to USS Henrico, a transport ship that survived the landings at Normandy only to be sent to the Pacific and struck by suicide planes off Okinawa, and USS Mannert L. Abele, the only vessel sunk by a rocket-boosted piloted glider during the war, these unforgettable stories reveal, as never before, one of the most horrifying and misunderstood chapters of World War II. This is the candid story of a war within a war a relentless series of furious and violent engagements pitting men determined to die against men determined to live. Its echoes resonate hauntingly at a time of global conflict, when suicide as a weapon remains a perplexing and terrifying reality. November 1, 1945 Leyte Gulf The destroyer Killen (DD-593) was besieged, shooting down four planes, but taking a bomb hit from a fifth. Pharmacist mate Ray Cloud, watching from the fantail, saw the plane a sleek twin-engine Frances fighter-bomber swoop in low across the port side. As its pilot released his bomb, Cloud said to himself, He dropped it too soon, and then watched as the plane roared by pursued and chewed up by fire from Killen's 40- and 20-mm guns. The bomb hit the water, skipped once and then penetrated Killen's port side hull forward, exploding between the #2 and #3 magazines. The blast tore a gaping hole in Killen's side and water poured in. By the time Donice Copeland, eighteen, a radar petty officer, emerged on deck from the radar shack, the ship's bow was practically submerged and the ship itself was nearly dead in the water. Practically all the casualties were awash below decks. Two unwounded sailors, trapped below in the ship's emergency generator room, soon drowned. The final tally of dead eventually climbed to fifteen.

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Japan's Imperial Army: Its Rise and Fall, 1853-1945 (Modern War Studies Series) Review

Japan's Imperial Army: Its Rise and Fall, 1853-1945 (Modern War Studies Series)
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It has taken more than six decades after its fall, but at last we have a fine, well-written, well-informed English-language history of the army of imperial Japan. Given the central role that the Japanese Army played in the history of Japan and East Asia generally for half a century, it is remarkable that it has taken so long, but we can be thankful for the result.
The book is superbly balanced and remarkably inclusive. Military, political, social, and economic aspects -- they are all there. It is all somewhat more condensed than one might wish -- an editorial choice, no doubt, rather than any limitation of Drea's knowledge. But the bibliography and notes provide a comprehensive guide to sources both in Japanese and English.
This is a very accessible book. The author provides a framework of historical background that can guide readers not familiar with the details of Japan's history, but does so in a graceful fashion that will not get in the way of those who know Japan better. In particular, readers who simply want to understand the Asian part of World War II clearly should find it easy and fascinating reading.
There is absolutely no way to understand the history of modern Japan without understanding the Japanese Army, and no other book on the Japanese Army in English that can begin to compare with this one.
There is a book of more or less equivalent excellence about the Japanese Navy, Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941. But the navy was never as central to Japanese strategy or politics as the army -- the army really drove the train and Drea tells us how. It is best to read this book first, and then go on to the navy.
With the Chinese sounding steadily more like Japan in the late 1920s, this book could scarcely be more timely.

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In Harm's Way: The Sinking of the USS Indianapolis and the Extraordinary Story of Its Survivors Review

In Harm's Way: The Sinking of the USS Indianapolis and the Extraordinary Story of Its Survivors
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Like, I'm sure, most of you, I first heard of the USS Indianapolis and the horrific events surrounding its sinking in the movie Jaws. You'll recall the Robert Shaw character telling about being adrift in the waters of the Pacific as sharks circled and attacked the helpless men. This story has such a compelling fascination that it has spawned a series of books, documentaries and even a TV movie. Doug Stanton's new account can take its place with the very best of them. Drawing heavily on interviews with survivors and on Captain Charles Butler McVay's account of the sinking and the ensuing ordeal, Stanton presents the story with an immediacy and intimacy that makes it all the more terrible.
The men of the Indianapolis were the victims of an entire series of oversights and foul ups, few of their own making. First, the ship had just delivered components of the Little Boy atomic bomb (which was dropped on Hiroshima), and so had been traveling in great secrecy. Then when they set out from Guam to join up with Task Force 95 at Okinawa, they sailed alone and were not warned about known Japanese submarine activity, for security reasons. Thus, when the submarine I-58, commanded by Mochitsura Hashimoto, torpedoed them, they didn't even realize what had happened at first.
From there, unfortunate coincidence turns to bitter irony and real tragedy. Damage to the radio rooms was so great and the ship sank so fast, that they did not get a chance to radio for help. Meanwhile, again for security reasons, port authorities had been ordered not to relay messages every time a ship arrived and had interpreted the order to mean that they shouldn't report non-arrivals either. Of the 1196 men on board, 300 probably died immediately, but while the other 900 struggled in the water, no one yet knew of their dilemma.
Eventually sharks, salt water, hypothermia, injuries sustained in the sinking, fights among the men, and a host of other maladies, left just 321 men alive to be rescued, four of whom died almost immediately. Stanton renders the crew's five day holocaust in heart breaking detail, with much of the narrative supplied by ship's doctor Lewis Haynes and Private Giles McCoy. Finally, as even these stalwart souls were preparing to give up, they were discovered by Lieutenant Commander George Atteberry in a Ventura bomber, which could do little more than drop some supplies and radio for help. He was followed by Lieutenant Adrian Marks in a PBY-5A Catalina, which Marks heroically set down in the water. Marks and a few succeeding planes were able to start picking up the survivors while they waited for rescue ships to reach the scene.
One would think that the awful story had run its course at that point, but the Navy added insult to tragedy by court-martialing Captain McVay, the only captain to that point in US Naval history to be court-martialed for losing being sunk. The Navy, pretty clearly trying to avoid admitting its own mistakes, failed to share much information which would have been helpful to his defense and took the extraordinary step of summoning Commander Hashimoto to testify about the incident. The prosecution's theory of the case was that McVay's failure to zig-zag had been responsible for the sinking, and, despite contrary testimony from both Hashimoto and the prosecution's own expert witness on this issue, he was convicted.
In the succeeding years crew members gathered for reunions (organized by McCoy) and worked to clear McVay's name. These efforts went for naught until a High School student in Florida, working on a class project, got involved. On October 12, 2000, Congress passed an amendment exonerating McVay and recommending citations for the crew. It was too late for McVay though, he had killed himself in 1968.
This is a terrific book, filled with all the drama you could ever ask for, remarkable moments of human endurance and despair, stupidity and loyalty, heroism and despair. I'm not big on all of the current Greatest Generation stuff, but there is something to the idea that the shared experience of war (and Depression) that this generation shared somehow gives them a common identity and a sense of accomplishment that their successors have lacked. The men of the USS Indianapolis and particularly their captain, Charles McVay, are deserving of our respect and their story should never be forgotten. Doug Stanton's book makes it a painful pleasure to remember the sacrifices they made.
GRADE : A

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Hell to Pay: Operation DOWNFALL and the Invasion of Japan, 1945-1947 Review

Hell to Pay: Operation DOWNFALL and the Invasion of Japan, 1945-1947
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I enjoy reading about WW11 and war strategy especially interests me.
D.M. Giangreco is a respected writer and has a deep knowledge of his subject. He has written an impressive account of what the United States planned to do had the war not ended when it did.
America planned an enormous invasion of Japan. The book gives us inside details of how both sides prepared for this invasion. Operation Downfall, as it was called, would have made D-Day look minute. Had the bombs not been dropped that ended the war, what would have happened, as described in this book, would have changed the course of history. It would have shed much more blood and the war been a much larger and deadlier war than it was.
If you ever questioned the correctness of the decision to drop the Atom bomb that ended the war, reading this book is likely to change your mind. That turned out to be a wise decision. The alternative would have been almost unthinkable --- yet it was going to happen between 1945 and 1947 as described in this book.
It has been said that Japan was trying to surrender in 1945. This book lays that, and other myths to rest. If you're interested in WW11 and if you want to know the truth about its end and the plans that were in place to demolish the enemy had it not ended as it did, when it did, you'll want to read this book. It's a valuable resource and a most interesting read.
Highly recommended.
- Susanna K. Hutcheson

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Turning the Tide: How a Small Band of Allied Sailors Defeated the U-boats and Won the Battle of the Atlantic Review

Turning the Tide: How a Small Band of Allied Sailors Defeated the U-boats and Won the Battle of the Atlantic
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Five COMPELLING Stars! A sweeping, very detailed, often action-packed portrait by author Ed Offley of the Battle of the Atlantic, describing activities within the five phases of the "longest and deadliest naval conflict in world history" stretching from 1939 to 1945: the "crucial naval battle of the Second World War." Along the way, he places the battle into historical context and gives a detailed picture of the treacherous Atlantic ocean routes, made all the more dangerous because of the weather. The book describes crucial battle encounters between the Allies and the Axis forces on the high seas and in coastal waters as U-boat 'wolf packs' pursued Allies' vital supply convoys across the Atlantic ocean. The author looks at both the strategic and tactical points of view, using diagrams and photographs. The book's opening engagement between the HMS Hersperus on 12 May 1943, hunting the trailing Nazi U-boat, U-223, which was stalking the 24 merchant ships of SC (Slow Convoy) 129 is mesmerizing and just a foretaste of what is to follow, such as the carnage of The Battle of St. Patrick's Day, with its heroes and its fainthearted. The book is loaded with detail on the ships and subs, their weaponry, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the opposing forces, with input from crew member's postwar interviews. Superbly researched and well written with great attention to detail, linking the Battle of the Atlantic to the land and air wars and the political climate of the time, "Turning the Tide" gets my Highest Recommendation. Five HISTORICAL Stars! (This review is based on a Kindle download, in text-to-speech, Mac2, and iPhone platforms. 14 Chapters with numerous pictures and diagrams; Epilogue; Appendices of critical convoy ships, U-boats, and Escort warships; bibliography; and a very helpful glossary of acronyms and unique terminology.)

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Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II Review

Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II
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"Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, The Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II" by Mark A. Stoler is a tour-de-force piece of military history, certainly of the highest academic standard. One can usually tell how 'serious' a work of military history is by what types of sources are used by the author for information and how many. Of the 380 pages of Stoler's book nearly 100 are set aside for 'notes' and bibliography - a more obvious sign of 'how much' research Stoler did would be pointless. So is this merely secondary sources and posturing? No not by a long shot. Stoler utilizes a variety of source materials, from unpublished works, to archival material, personal interviews, and published works (book and journal forms). As an academic scientist this reviewer can appreciate solid literature work and Stoler has certainly done that. Is "allies and Adversaries" merely a thoroughly researched book, or does it have literary flare and depth of new insight?
Let's address the literary competence of Stoler's work. The quick of it: solid but not lilting. Unfortunately many works of this 'academic' depth can be extremely dry and quite unreadable. Stoler's book is very readable. Yet, Stoler does a good job weaving an interesting story that brings together disparate sources into a prose that maintains the readers interest. This is not however to say this is a 'pick it up but can't put it down' book. The text is a bit dry but given the subject matter - strategy and statesmanship in the context of war - this may not be surprising. To his credit Stoler proves adept at keeping a good pace and telling a story that is enjoyable if not riveting.
So what about insights? Does Stoler's 'deep' research yield new information worthy of this depth? In short: probably. Clearly Stoler presents a thorough picture of how, when and why major (above theatre level) strategic decisions were made in the Second World War. Moreover, Stoler provides considerable information about who was making decisions and influencing those decision makers. Where the work suffers is from lack of much tangible information relative to the Soviet and British decision making processes. Stoler can probably be forgiven for the formers omission but certainly there is material to be had relative to the British side. A quick read of another work - "American Strategy in World War II: A Reconsideration" - centered on high strategy of WWII written shortly after the war by Kent Roberts Greenfield will clearly illustrate that the basic story presented by Stoler has been documented for decades. Where Stoler has added is in the depth of presentation. Plenty of new material is presented here, clearly justifying the legwork put into this study.
In the final analysis Mark Stoler has generated a very readable and extremely solid piece of historical literature. Serious students of WWII should consider picking up a copy of this book to see the bigger picture - that far beyond the foxhole that put men in the foxholes wherever and whenever they were. As a serious piece of historical work "Allies and Adversaries" is a 5 star effort.


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During World War II the uniformed heads of the U.S. armed services assumed a pivotal and unprecedented role in the formulation of the nation's foreign policies. Organized soon after Pearl Harbor as the Joint Chiefs of Staff, these individuals were officially responsible only for the nation's military forces. During the war their functions came to encompass a host of foreign policy concerns, however, and so powerful did the military voice become on those issues that only the president exercised a more decisive role in their outcome.
Drawing on sources that include the unpublished records of the Joint Chiefs as well as the War, Navy, and State Departments,Mark Stoler analyzes the wartime rise of military influence in U.S. foreign policy. He focuses on the evolution of and debates over U.S. and Allied global strategy. In the process, he examines military fears regarding America's major allies--Great Britain and the Soviet Union--and how those fears affected President Franklin D. Roosevelt's policies, interservice and civil-military relations, military-academic relations, and postwar national security policy as well as wartime strategy.

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Fortress Rabaul: The Battle for the Southwest Pacific, January 1942-April 1943 Review

Fortress Rabaul: The Battle for the Southwest Pacific, January 1942-April 1943
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Second only to Truk in notoriety, the Japanese base at Rabaul, New Britain played a pivotal role in the fighting in the Southwest Pacific in World War II. It was a well-fortified stronghold in its own right bristling with hundreds of AAA guns, scores of fighters and bombers and possessing a fine harbor. Just as importantly, it served as a conduit funneling various Japanese air, land and sea units southward to Guadalcanal and other areas. Fresh from his marvelous LARK FORCE book, noted military historian Bruce Gamble recounts the creation and evolution of Rabaul as a major Japanese base and the ever-increasing Allied air efforts to derail that developmeht.
Captured by the Japanese in early 1942, Rabaul was swiftly developed, eventually boasting of a number of airfields that could hold hundreds of IJN/IJAAF warbirds. Its Simpson Harbor was developed and was soon crowded with dozens of merchantmen and warships. Gamble skilfully interweaves the growth of Rabaul with other military developments in the SWPA in the early war years to underscore Rabaul's steadily growing importance to the Japanese war effort. For instance, aircraft from Rabaul pounded various Allied targets including Port Moresby, Guadalcanal (following its capture in August 1942) and American carrier units in the Coral Sea. Shipping from Simpson Harbor transported troops and equipment to various islands to establish and develop bases including airfields and so on.
As shown in FORTRESS RABAUL, the American response to Rabaul's growth took the form of air attacks. Initially the attacks were feeble and ineffectual. Following George Kenney's arrival to the SWPA, the Americans began a very slow but steady build-up of air units that, in time, would mount devastating attacks on Rabaul. By the close of Gamble's book, Kenney's 5th Air Force was becoming a more effective force, in part because of growing aircraft numbers but also because of effective tactics like skip-bombing. The post-April 1943 air attacks that later left Rabaul withering on the vine would seem to be the subject of Gamble's next book; here's hoping!
In summary, Gamble does an excellent job of utilizing Japanese and American records, reports and reminiscences to create an all-encompassing view of Rabaul's crucial role in the Pacific war. He easily shifts between high-level American or Japanese conferences to in-the-cockpit descriptions of bombing hops and air combats. He also practices some myth-busting and record-correcting in recounting who-did-what-when. All in all, FORTRESS RABAUL is great history...and a great read. Highly recommended.

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United States Submarines Review

United States Submarines
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This is an outstanding, lavish history of the U.S. submarine: if only one submarine history were to be chosen as a comprehensive library reference, it should be this. A team of historians, authors and Naval experts contribute to this title, which holds over 300 pages of text and photos. Black and white and color photos embellish essays that contrast submarine history with today's modern vessels, providing a unique and lavish display. Suitable for special gifts, United States Submarines is a recommended pick for any interested in military history in general or submarine development in particular.

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The Emperor's Sword; Japan vs Russia in the Battle of Tsushima Review

The Emperor's Sword; Japan vs Russia in the Battle of Tsushima
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This a nice short book about the Battle of Tsushima and the Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05. There have been other books out there on this war, but the author of this 1969 book actually interviewed some of the survivors of this battle to get a clear picture of what happened during this battle.
Busch lays out the beginning of this war and why Japan decided to go to battle against the Russian Empire. Japan was treated like a child with all the other European empires. She went to war to get some of the spoils of Korea and the Chinese Empire. Russia was arrogant against this upstart nation. When Japan pulled a sneak attack on Port Arthur and bottled up the Russian Pacific Fleet, the stage was set for Russian naval reinforcements for Port Arthur. The relief fleet was huge and outgunned the Japanese, but as the Japanese Admiral Togo said, 100 shots and hits is greater than 100 shots and 1 hit. So the Japanese concentrated on the shots making a hit, and the Russians did not hit much with their guns. The Russians Admirals were humane and brave people, but their people were not experienced enough to score hits.
A nice tale of brave men battling the elements in a battle of two empires. This is a nice book if you can find it.

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The Imperial Cruise: A Secret History of Empire and War Review

The Imperial Cruise: A Secret History of Empire and War
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The Imperial Cruise has an important historical theme, but it suffers from a variety of distractions.

The theme is the role of Theodore Roosevelt in crafting early 20th Century US policy toward the Far East and how this contributed to the descent, more than a generation later, into war with Japan. It is a story of racial prejudice, diplomatic duplicity, presidential hubris, and unintended consequences. Told well, this would have been both great reading and instructive history. James Bradley, however, does not tell it well.
The problems are manifold, beginning with coherence. The title of the book suggests that it is the story of then-Secretary of War William Howard Taft's 1905 cruise to the Far East, and perhaps how that fit into the Asian policy objectives of President Theodore Roosevelt. Using the cruise itinerary to knit together geography and policy could have been a useful literary technique, but it turns out that the cruise is incidental to the book. When, after scores of pages on other topics, Bradley occasionally returns us to Taft and his cruise, it is as often to talk about the celebrity goings-on and romantic intrigues of Taft's traveling companion, First Daughter Alice Roosevelt, as it is to connect policy to facts on the ground. Alice Roosevelt was a very interesting person, but she belongs in a different book.
Then there's the matter of style. Bradley's prose is inappropriately informal, not in the mien of an historian. He regularly refers to Theodore Roosevelt as "Teddy," or, in at least one place, "Big Stick Teddy." He refers to Japanese as "Japs." Korea's competition with Japan is "keep[ing] up with the imperial Joneses," and Japan's and Russia's rapprochement after the Russo-Japanese war is "kiss[ing] and mak[ing] up." An occasional dip into such flippancy can be useful to a writer--to set a tone for a particular passage, for example--but Bradley uses it routinely. This is unserious writing.
One of the important elements of Bradley's thesis is the extent to which American racism at the turn of the 20th Century distorted Roosevelt's perceptions of Far Eastern peoples and led to grave historic consequences. There is a strong argument to be made here, but Bradley overworks it. Whole chapters are given over to describing American racial prejudice and moral obtuseness, for example, while in contrast Filipino insurgents were "freedom fighters," Japanese nationalists were "brave samurai," and the revolutionaries behind the Meiji Restoration were "founding fathers." It is fair for Bradley to go into detail on American racism, because it is important to understanding Roosevelt and his milieu. But the hagiographies to other races tend to detract from his thesis by making him sound highly prejudiced himself. A nod to balance and objectivity would have made the argument more convincingly.
There also seems to be an attempt in a part of the book to equate America's racism and imperialism of 1905 to America's overseas wars today. Speaking of US forces' capture of Manila, Bradley says, apropos nothing, "As with Baghdad more than a century later, Americans assumed that the fall of a capital meant control of the country." First of all, not true. (I was a war planner for Operation Iraqi Freedom. We explicitly discounted this assumption.) Secondly, Baghdad in 2003 had nothing to do with Manila in 1899, so the comparison serves no purpose except as an attempt to introduce the equivalence. To reinforce it, Bradley soon afterwards refers to a torture technique used by US soldiers in the Philippines as "water boarding," even though his own citations of contemporary accounts call it "the water treatment," "water cure," or "water detail," never "water boarding." Finally, Bradley refers to Roosevelt declaring "mission accomplished" in the Philippines, not as a quote from Roosevelt himself, but rather as an evident reference to the banner flown on USS Abraham Lincoln during President George W. Bush's appearance there in May 2003. Once these modern political erratics are introduced in the middle of the book, nothing further is made of them. It's almost as if Bradley wants to accuse America today of the manifest racism of a century ago but lacks the confidence to make the charge openly. If he wants to argue for that equivalence, then that too belongs in a different book.
Despite these shortcomings, there is much to learn from this episode of American history and Bradley's account of it. Many histories of this era glide over the influence of racism; Bradley makes it a central point. There indeed was widespread American racism at the turn of the 20th Century. It had broad cultural and--via certain interpretations of Darwin--"scientific" affirmation. It did influence many such as Roosevelt to approach Far East policy with a particular slant. And there are indeed philosophical and historical threads connecting American racism and expansionism of the late 19th/early 20th Centuries to Japanese racism and expansionism of the 1930s-40s. After the particular faults of Bradley's account fade over time, it is these notions that stay in the mind, and they are valuable cautions. Had Bradley approached this theme with more an historian's eye, he might have produced a work of greater influence and broader acclaim.


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Spies for Nimitz: Joint Military Intelligence in the Pacific War Review

Spies for Nimitz: Joint Military Intelligence in the Pacific War
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This book is essentially a history of the Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA) and the support it provided to the Central Pacific Campaign. I found the front matter and first chapter quite invigorating in the analysis of how Joint Intel was conducted and how JICPOA was created and organized. The essentials of Intel remain unchanged since WW II and the lessons in this book are both profound and obvious. The bulk of this book (after chapter 1) are analyses of the major invasions of in the Central Pacific as well as the proposed invasion of Japan. While this information doesn't make for very captivating reading it provides a new and very valuble reference for anyone interested in these operations. The author tapped a great deal of new primary source material in the form of official records and reports providing a sound foundation for this important book. My only criticism is that he conducted only a handful of interviews with WW II veterans at a time when this irreplacable resource is quickly passing away.

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Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945 Hb Review

Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945 Hb
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Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945 is the culmination of three German naval historians in ttempting to document every combatant to serve in the Imperial Japanese Navy. This is the most complete book on the IJN available and contains excellent data on all major and minor warships.
A useful reference for the modeler, the only weakness is the size of the illustrations, which are mostly in 1/1200 scale. The original German edition had better line drawings, but few photos. The strength of this English edition is the collection of photos, many not seen outside of Japan until now. I would rate this as a 4 1/2 star effort and definitely superior to the book by Watts on the same subject.

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Old Friends, New Enemies: The Royal Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy, vol. 1: Strategic illusions, 1936-1941 Review

Old Friends, New Enemies: The Royal Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy, vol. 1: Strategic illusions, 1936-1941
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This is the first volume of a planned two volume set on the interplay between the Royal Navy and Imperial Japanese Navy from 1936 - 1945. Sadly, Arthur Marder died of cancer as this volume went to print and the second volume was finished by former students. This volume covers the period from the collapse of naval arms limitations in 1936 to the sinking of HMS Prince of Wales and Repulse at the end of 1941.
It is divided into three parts. The first covers the long history between the two navies and a detailed look at the stated period. On the British side, it concentrates on the British strategic dilema of fighting a possible three ocean war with a battered and somewhat antiquated two ocean navy. On the Japanese side it follows the road to Pearl Harbor. The second part looks at the Japanese navy in contrast to the Royal Navy, focusing on ships, men, tactics, doctrine, etc. The third part is a detailed study of the short life of "Force Z" (Prince of Wales and Repulse).
The book is the expected combination of meticulous and comprehensive research, outstanding organization of material and the great readibility that Marder has shown in his other works, particularly his master piece, FROM THE DREADNOUGHT TO SCAPA FLOW, of which this compares favorably. At the end, the reader knows why things were done the way they were, especially the controversial decision to send Force Z to Singapore, and why things turned out as they did. It is the story of the British and Japanese navies and touches lightly on American and Dutch involvement.
Well worth the reading on a subject that is often overlooked.

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Making Waves: Politics, Propaganda, and the Emergence of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1868-1922 Review

Making Waves: Politics, Propaganda, and the Emergence of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1868-1922
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J. Charles Schencking's Making Waves is an attempt to explore the rise of the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1868-1922. During Japan's Meiji period (1868-1912), Japan began its modernization and rose to great power status. Commensurate with this status as a world power was the growth of Japan's navy. This growth process was long and torturous for Japan, given that prior to the 1890s, Japan could certainly not be considered a naval power, and it was only after 1900 that the navy became more than a junior military service subordinated to the army. Other historians have suggested that it was Japanese naval triumphs over China and Russia that secured the tremendous growth of the Japanese navy. Schencking's research, though, demonstrates that it was skillful political manipulation by the navy, beginning in the 1870s, that secured the funding, ships, and trained personnel it needed to achieve military victories over its rivals and come to prominence in the twentieth century. In making this intervention, Schencking provides a complete and thorough description of the process by which the navy manipulated the Japanese body politic to become a dominant institution in Japan. Though it did so originally to serve only its own parochial ends, the navy helped strengthen Japan's parliamentary democracy, demonstrated the effectiveness of mass propaganda, and fostered Japan's nationalism and imperialistic worldview. In other words, by doing so well for itself, the Imperial Japanese Navy played an integral role in the creation of the modern, industrializing Japanese state.
In the 1860s and early 1870s, Japan's navy found itself in an extremely primitive and weakened state and navy leadership lacked the political clout to push for an increased level of funding. It was not until the late 1870s that the navy allied itself with the increasingly influential Satsuma clan and was finally able to achieve greater influence within government and expand its forces and manpower. Japan's dreams of empire also fueled this rise, as the navy shamelessly promoted itself as the best way to achieve empire in East Asia. Japanese naval leaders became extremely adept in manipulating parliament and securing increasing levels of funding. This experience with political influence came to serve the navy extremely well over time. When parliamentary support lagged, the navy often went directly to the public for support, becoming experts at using propaganda and pageantry to promote the ideas of national pride and the economic and industrial benefits of naval expansion.
The story of the Japanese Imperial Navy in this period is not one of complete success, however. Schencking spends a great deal of time discussing the army-navy rivalry that occurred as the navy expanded and had to compete with the army for funding. Initially, the navy had been very much the junior service, but by the mid-1890s, naval funding had reached parity with the army, and thereafter began to climb past the army. The navy's early successes antagonized army leadership and created powerful enemies who blocked naval expansion in the mid-1910s. As the navy consumed a larger piece of the budgetary pie and sought greater operational autonomy from the army (particularly during the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars), competition intensified significantly. Unfortunately, Schencking only describes these inter-service rivalries from the navy's perspective. Providing an army point-of-view might have enhanced the discussion and provided alternative views and a better developed context for the navy's actions.
Schencking demands a fair amount of familiarity with Japanese domestic politics and history from his readers. The Meiji period in Japanese history (and to a lesser extent, the Taisho period that followed it) are complex and filled with turmoil. The names of even the most influential actors, clans, and organizations are unfamiliar to most Western readers, as are their relationships with each other, and Schencking does not always provide context. He also has a tendency to discuss Japanese legislative affairs at great length, even when they do not directly relate to naval affairs.
So many histories treat nations as unitary actors - sometimes going so far as to treat states as "black boxes" - when it comes to describing national policies and military developments, but Schencking provides an excellent example of the richness that can be uncovered when historians delve into the myriad bureaucratic, institutional, and other actors that help shape national policies. Ironically, though, Schencking generally treats the Imperial Navy as a unitary entity, never discussing rival schools of thought or intra-service conflict. He generally only allows a single voice to speak for the navy (usually a senior admiral or navy minister like Yamamoto).
Methodologically, Schencking's approach is in some ways reminiscent of Mary Habeck in "Storm of Steel": while naval vessels are obviously of critically important to Schencking's history, he does not detail their precise characteristics or capabilities. As with Habeck's discussion of tanks, ships, as such, are of considerably less importance than naval procurement and legislative politicking to Schencking. As contrasted with Habeck, though, Schencking does not rely on comparative analysis; he examines only Japan, including very little discussion of its rival nations' efforts.
Schencking's study adds considerably to the body of literature exploring the relationships between naval development, parliamentary democracy, and modern society. Making Waves is certainly a worthy addition to the literature on the rise of Japan as an imperial power, providing new explanations for how Japan rose to such prominence in the early twentieth century. His history is also somewhat of a cautionary tale of how military organizations can manipulate public sentiment and domestic politics to drive expansionist foreign and military policies.

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Oliver Hazard Perry: Honor, Courage, and Patriotism in the Early U.s. Navy (Library of Naval Biography) Review

Oliver Hazard Perry: Honor, Courage, and Patriotism in the Early U.s. Navy (Library of Naval Biography)
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The first modern biography of the "Hero of Lake Erie" is ably written by Great Lakes historian Skaggs. It is a deeply researched and balanced story of leadership in battle, heroism and contentious egos during our Early National Period.
Perry, a Scotsman descended from Scotland's national hero, William Wallace, was born in Rhode Island in 1785 to naval Captain Christopher and his wife Sarah Wallace Alexander. Oliver was the older brother to Matthew Calbraith Perry, another career naval officer destined to open Japan to Western trade. So a naval career was pretty much a foregone conclusion and the older sibling was appointed a midshipman in April, 1799. assigned to his father's frigate, he saw his first action off the coast of Haiti, which was in a state of rebellion. The first Barbary War found him serving on the USS Adams and later, in command of the USS Nautilus, he was present at the capture of Derna.
At thew start of the War of 1812, Perry requested and was given command of the United States naval forces on Lake Erie. He supervised the construction of a small fleet at Presque Isle Bay in Erie, Pennsylvania, and on September 10, 1813, defeated the attacking British fleet at the Battle of Lake Erie, gaining everlasting fame in naval history. His battle report to General William Henry Harrison was brief and to the point: "We have met the enemy and they are ours..." The victory opened up Canada to invasion, while at the same time protected the entire Ohio Valley from British occupation.
The controversy began before the smoke had cleared Detroit. Perry's second in command, Jesse Duncan Elliott, was a conniving, self-serving manipulator who immediately claimed more of the victorious action than he deserved. The feud continued well into the next decade and didn't cease with Perry's premature death in 1819 from yellow fever while on station in Venezuela.
Filled with antagonism, courage and controversy, this book is the standard to be consulted by scholar and general reader alike.


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Hailed for his decisive victory over a Royal Navy squadron on Lake Erie in September 1813 and best known for his after-action report proclamationWe have met the enemy and they are ours,Oliver Hazard Perry was one the early U.S. Navy s most famous heroes. In this modern, scholarly reassessment of the man and his career, Professor David Skaggs emphasizes Perry s place in naval history as an embodiment of the code of honor, an exemplar of combat courage, and a symbol of patriotism to his fellow officers and the American public. It is the first biography of Perry to be published in more than a quarter of a century and the first to offer an even-handed analysis of his career.After completing a thorough examination of primary sources, Skaggs traces Perry s development from a midshipman to commodore where he personified the best in seamanship, calmness in times of stress, and diplomatic skills. But this work is not a hagiographic treatment, for it offers a candid analysis of Perry s character flaws, particularly his short temper and his sometimes ineffective command and control procedures during the battle of Lake Erie. Skaggs also explains how Perry s short but dramatic naval career epitomized the emerging naval professionalism of the young republic, and he demonstrates how the Hero of Lake Erie fits into the most recent scholarship concerning the role of post-revolutionary generation in the development of American national identity. Finally, Skaggs explores in greater detail than anyone before the controversy over the conduct of his Lake Erie second, Jesse Duncan Elliott, that raged on for over a quarter century after Perry s death in 1819.
Co-winner of the North American Society for Oceanic History's 2007 John Lyman Book Award for Biography and Autobiography

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Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941 Review

Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941
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A few years ago I read a short book on the Pacific War written by H.P. Wilmott. For those who don't know of him, Wilmott taught at Sandhurst for many years, and is probably one of the top two or three historians of the Pacific War. At the end of the book there was an annotated bibliography. I always like this, as opposed to a regular bibliography, because the annotations tell you what the author thinks of various sources, and that in turn tells you something about his thinking. But sometimes the recommendation is more direct: you trust the author, and he tells you something is worthwhile. In this instance, he said that he wasn't sure how Pacific War historians got along before the book Kaigun was published. Needless to say I went out and got one. It's not a cheap book, there aren't used copies cheaper, there's no paperback available. It's still worth every penny, and I will tell you below why you need it.
There are, of course, a bushel and a half of books about the war in the Pacific during World War II. Many of them note that the Japanese fought the war in an unusual fashion, and most note differences in technology, strategy, tactics, and philosophy. Some of these things are vaguely explained by the differences in Western and Japanese society, but at best the explanations are vague. This leaves a huge gap in the history of the Pacific War.
Kaigun fills this gap. The authors basically explain every question of this type involving the Japanese Navy in World War II, from why their cruisers had long ranged torpedoes to why their navy's intelligence was so poor to why they insisted in planning as if the American Navy would act in particular ways (even after it had demonstrated that it would act in other ways). Much of the differences between the Japanese and American Navies stemmed from the fact that the Japanese had to modernize so quickly. This circumstance had background in that Japan had little naval tradition, and no ships really on which to base a modern navy. While this meant that Japanese Naval modernization had many pitfalls, it also had advantages, notably a lack of old traditions and hoary rivalries that plagued other nations' Naval modernization programs.
The authors spend a considerable length of time discussing Japan's wars with first China and then Russia in the early stages of their modernization. China proved little challenge in a Naval sense, but Russia was a much more formidable opponent, though the Japanese defeated them decisively. While the war itself is discussed at some length, a great deal of time is also spent discussing the aftermath, and the war's influence on Japan's strategy, tactics, and philosophy in future wars. As far as the authors are concerned, Tsushima was the principle reason the Japanese Navy spent most of the thirties planning for a major confrontation between the U.S. Navy and their own combined fleet. The latter confrontation was apparently modeled rather closely on Tsushima, which was pretty much the same strategically, though the directions and the scale were of course different.
This book is full of information, much of it not available elsewhere in English. Frankly, if you are interested in the War in the Pacific, I agree with Wilmott, adding my faint echo to his endorsement: this book is invaluable. It's also, as a side note, very well written. Highly recommended.

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